Definition:- Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the science of developing human-controlled and operated machines, such as digital computers or robots, that are capable of imitating human intelligence, adapting to new inputs, and performing human-like activities.
Humans or Homo Sapiens often claim to be the most superior species to have ever inhabited the planet Earth, mainly attributing to their “intelligence.” Even the most complicated animal behavior is never regarded as smart, but intelligence is attributed to the simplest of human behavior. For example, when a female digger wasp returns with food to her burrow, she deposits the food on the threshold and checks for intruders prior to carrying her food inside. Sounds like wasps are quite smart, right? However, an experiment performed on these wasps, where the scientist moved the food a few inches away from the burrow’s entrance while the wasp was inside the burrow, reported that the wasps continued to repeat the entire ordeal as often as the food was moved. This experiment revealed that the wasps fail to adapt to evolving conditions and therefore, “intelligence” in the wasps is noticeably absent. Then how do we define “human intelligence?” Psychologists characterize human intelligence as a composite of a variety of skills such as learning from experiences and adapting consequently, understanding abstract ideas, reasoning, problem-solving, linguistic use, and perception.
Thanks to Pop culture, upon hearing the words Artificial Intelligence, most people tend to think of robots coming to life to wreak havoc on human beings. But that is far from reality. The core principle of Artificial Intelligence is the capacity of Artificial Intelligence powered machines to rationalize (think like humans) and take action (mimic human actions) to achieve the targeted objective. To put it simply, Artificial Intelligence is designing a machine that will think and behave like human beings. Artificial Intelligence has three primary objectives, which are learning, reasoning, and perception.
Although the term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956, the British pioneer of Computer Sciences, Alan Mathison Turing, carried out extensive work in the field of Artificial Intelligence, in the mid-20th century. Turing created an abstract computing machine in the form of symbols, in 1935, with a scanner and unlimited memory. The scanner was able to move back and forth through the memory, read the available symbols, and write additional memory symbols. A programming instruction dictated the activities of the scanner and was stored in the memory as well. Thus, Turing created a machine with implicit learning capacities that could alter its programming and enhance itself. This principle is commonly regarded as the universal “Turing Machine” and serves as a basis for all advanced computers. Turing asserted that computers are able to learn from their own experience and resolve problems using a guiding principle called “heuristic problem-solving.”
The early Artificial Intelligence studies were concentrated on problem-solving and symbolic techniques, in the 1950s. By the 1960s, the AI research had a major leap of interest from the US Department of Defense, who started working towards training computers to mimic human reasoning. In the 1970s, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has successfully performed its street mapping projects. It may come to you as a surprise that in 2003, long before the existence of the renowned Siri and Alexa, DARPA had effectively manufactured intelligent personal assistant machines. Long story short, this groundbreaking achievement in the field of Artificial Intelligence has set the stage for automation and reasoning observed in modern-day computers.
Here are the primary human characteristics that we strive to imitate in the machines:
- Knowledge
Machines need an abundance of data and information related to the world around us, in order to be able to behave and respond like humans. In order to implement knowledge engineering, Artificial Intelligence-powered machines are required to have undeterred access to data objects, data categories, and data properties as well as the relationship between them that can be managed and stored in the data storage. - Learning
Of all the various forms of learning that apply to AI, the “trial and error” technique is considered the easiest. For example, a computer chess learning program will try all possible moves until the mate-in-one move is found to win the game. The program then saves the winning move to be used the next time it encounters a similar scenario. This fairly easy to implement learning element is called “rote learning”, which includes memorization of individual objects and processes in a straightforward way. The most difficult part of learning is called “generalization,” which implies the application of prior experiences to the newly encountered similar situations. - Problem Solving
The systematic process of achieving a predefined objective or solution by looking through a range of viable actions can be characterized as a problem solving the methods for problem-solving can be adjusted for a specific issue or used for a broad range of problems. A general-purpose problem-solving technique frequently used in AI is “means-end analysis,” which includes an incremental decrease in the difference between the initial and final state of the goal. Think of some of the core functions of a robot, back and forth motion, or picking up factors that contribute to an objective being fulfilled. - Reasoning
The act of reasoning can be defined as the capacity to draw inferences suitable to the scenario in question. The two types of reasoning are called “deductive reasoning” and “inductive reasoning”. In deductive reasoning, if the premise is true then the conclusion is presumed to be true. On the other hand, the conclusion may or may not be true in inductive reasoning, even if the premise is true. While significant success in programming computers to execute deductive reasoning has been attained, the application of “true reasoning” stays out of reach and one of the greatest challenges facing Artificial Intelligence. - Perception
The process of producing a multidimensional view of an object by means of multiple sensory organs can be defined as perception. A number of variables, such as the viewing angle, the direction, and intensity of the light, and the extent of contrast generated by the object with the surrounding area, can complicate this development of awareness of the environment. With the introduction of self-driving cars and robots that can collect empty soda cans while moving through the facilities, breakthrough developments have been rendered in the field of artificial perception and can be readily observed in our daily lives.
Read: How Artificial Intelligence Has been Used in Business So Far
History of Artificial Intelligence
The history of artificial intelligence may sound like a deep and impenetrable subject for individuals who are not well-acquainted in computer science and its related fields.
Regardless of how mysterious and untouchable artificial intelligence may look, when it’s broken down, it becomes easy to understand than you might imagine. So, what is artificial intelligence, otherwise referred to as “AI”? AI is a branch of computer science that concentrates on non-human intelligence or machine-driven intelligence.
AI relies on the concept that human thought functionality can be replicated. Early thinkers pushed the concept of artificial intelligence throughout the 1700s and beyond. During this period, it became more tangible. Philosophers imagined how the idea of human thinking could be artificially computerized and transformed by intelligent machines. The human thinking that generated interest in AI eventually resulted in the invention of the programmable digital computer in the 1940s. This particular discovery finally pushed scientists to proceed with the concept of building an “electronic brain,” or an artificially intelligent being.
Besides that, mathematician Alan Turing had developed a test that ascertained the potential of a machine to emulate human actions to the degree that was indifferent from human actions. From the 1950s, many theorists, logicians, programmers broadened the modern mastery of artificial intelligence as a whole. During this period, intelligence was viewed as a product of “logical” and “symbolic” reasoning. The reasoning was executed by computers using search algorithms. The focus during this time was to replicate human intelligence by solving simple games and proving theorems. Soon, it became obvious that these algorithms could not be used to find solutions to problems such as the movement of a robot in an unknown room. Extensive knowledge of the real world would have been required to avoid a “combinatorial” explosion of the problem to solve.
Come in the 80s; it was pragmatically accepted to restrict the AI scope to specific tasks like the replication of intelligent decision making for the medical diagnosis of particular pathologies. This was the time of “expert systems”, capable of successfully replicating the intelligence of a human specialist in small and well-defined industries. Similarly, it became apparent that some intelligent actions such as recognition of written text, could not be achieved with an algorithm designed with a sequence of instructions previously set. Instead, it was possible to gather numerous examples of the objects to be identified and using algorithms that could master the essential characteristics of these objects. It was the beginning of what we now refer to as “machine learning”.
The computer learning steps could be defined as a mathematical optimization problem and described with probabilistic and statistic models. Some of the learning algorithms that were used to replicate the human brain were referred to as “artificial neural networks”. During the first four decades, AI has moved through moments of Euphoria, followed by times of unfulfilled expectations. In the early 2000s, the increasing emphasis on specific problems and the increase of investments resulted in the first historical accomplishments. In some functions, AI systems attained higher performances than humans.
Read: Step by Step Guide to Develop AI and ML Projects for Business
Related
FAQs
What is intelligence According to AI? ›
Artificial intelligence is based on the principle that human intelligence can be defined in a way that a machine can easily mimic it and execute tasks, from the most simple to those that are even more complex. The goals of artificial intelligence include mimicking human cognitive activity.
What is difference intelligence and artificial intelligence? ›Human Intelligence: A comparison. Nature: While Human Intelligence looks to adjust to new environments by using a combination of various cognitive processes, AI aims to create machines that can imitate human behavior and perform human-like actions.
What is the true meaning of intelligence? ›Intelligence can be defined as the ability to solve complex problems or make decisions with outcomes benefiting the actor, and has evolved in lifeforms to adapt to diverse environments for their survival and reproduction.
What are the 4 types of AI? ›There are a lot of ongoing discoveries and developments, most of which are divided into four categories: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind, and self-aware AI.
What is intelligence system definition? ›Intelligent systems are technologically advanced machines that perceive and respond to the world around them. Intelligent systems can take many forms, from automated vacuums such as the Roomba to facial recognition programs to Amazon's personalized shopping suggestions.
What is AI best answer? ›Artificial Intelligence is a technique that enables machines to mimic human behavior. Whereas, Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence. It is the science of getting computers to act by feeding them data and letting them learn a few tricks on their own, without being explicitly programmed to do so.
Is artificial intelligence really intelligent? ›“Present-day AI is still not truly intelligent, not because it is made of materials and building blocks that are different from those of the human brain, but because it is designed to solve the problems chosen by humans,” Lee writes.
Why is AI better than human intelligence? ›The processing of data and commands is essential to the operation of AI-powered devices. When it comes to speed, humans are no match for artificial intelligence or robots. Computers have the ability to process far more information at a higher pace than individuals do.
Why is it called intelligence? ›The word intelligence derives from the Latin nouns intelligentia or intellēctus, which in turn stem from the verb intelligere, to comprehend or perceive. In the Middle Ages, the word intellectus became the scholarly technical term for understanding, and a translation for the Greek philosophical term nous.
Who defined intelligence? ›Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."
What are the 3 types of intelligence? ›
Figure 7.12 Sternberg's theory identifies three types of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical.
Who is father of AI? ›Abstract: If John McCarthy, the father of AI, were to coin a new phrase for "artificial intelligence" today, he would probably use "computational intelligence." McCarthy is not just the father of AI, he is also the inventor of the Lisp (list processing) language.
What are the 2 types of artificial intelligence? ›Artificial intelligence is generally divided into two types – narrow (or weak) AI and general AI, also known as AGI or strong AI.
What is main function of intelligence? ›Intelligence can provide insights not available elsewhere that warn of potential threats and opportunities, assess probable outcomes of proposed policy options, provide leadership profiles on foreign officials, and inform official travelers of counterintelligence and security threats.
How do AI work? ›AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data.
Why is AI used for? ›Artificial intelligence (AI) is the basis for mimicking human intelligence processes through the creation and application of algorithms built into a dynamic computing environment. Stated simply, AI is trying to make computers think and act like humans.
What is AI and its uses? ›AI is the ability of a machine to display human-like capabilities such as reasoning, learning, planning and creativity. AI enables technical systems to perceive their environment, deal with what they perceive, solve problems and act to achieve a specific goal.
Where AI is mostly used? ›Retail, Shopping and Fashion. Security and Surveillance. Sports Analytics and Activities. Manufacturing and Production.
What is AI in simple words? ›Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
Who is the most intelligent AI? ›Lucid.AI is the world's largest and most complete general knowledge base and common-sense reasoning engine.
Is artificial intelligence powerful? ›
AI is already a powerful practical tool used to optimise search engines, accelerate drug research, invent new materials and improve weather prediction, and is fuelling advances in fields including mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics. Its future potential is vast and will “profoundly affect us all”.
Is artificial intelligence better? ›With Artificial intelligence, the decisions are taken from the previously gathered information applying a certain set of algorithms. So errors are reduced and the chance of reaching accuracy with a greater degree of precision is a possibility.
Why is artificial intelligence so difficult? ›Artificial intelligence is difficult to define because it encompasses a wide range of phenomena and concepts, from simple mathematical algorithms that recognize patterns in data sets to complex systems capable of intelligent behavior such as reasoning, natural communication, problem-solving, and learning.
Can intelligence be artificial Ever? ›Intelligence is being able, presented with information, to make the proper/good decision autonomously; and this can now be done by either Human or Artificial Intelligence. But if the “training/education” is improper, so will be the result. So AI can be as high or as low as Human Intelligence….
What is intelligence answer? ›Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviours.
What is intelligence and its types? ›There are nine different types of intelligence. These are: Naturalistic, Musical, Logical–mathematical, Existential, Interpersonal, Linguistic, Bodily–kinaesthetic, Intra–personal and Spatial intelligence.
Who first define intelligence? ›2300 years ago, the famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle made our first reference to something close to the idea of intelligence, but he called it “reason.” Reason, according to Aristotle, was about humans' ability to reign in their passions, i.e., our ability to resist the urge of our instincts.
What is nature of intelligence? ›Thus we see the nature of intelligence as the ability for adjustment to environment, ability to perceive relationship between various objects and methods, ability to solve problems, ability to think independently, ability to learn maximum in minimum period of time, ability to benefit from one's own experience and the ...
What are the 5 levels of intelligence? ›Einstein said there are five ascending levels of intelligence: smart, intelligent, brilliant, genius and simple.
Who gave 7 types of intelligence? ›First introduced in his 1983 book “Frames of Mind,” Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor at Harvard University, states that there are eight types of human intelligence — each representing different ways of how a person best processes information.
What are the 5 types of intelligence? ›
In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences.
Who is famous in AI? ›Geoffrey Hinton is one of the most famous AI Leaders in the world, with his work specializing in machine learning, Neural networks, Artificial intelligence, Cognitive science and Object recognition. Hinton is a cognitive psychologist and a computer scientist who is most known for his work on artificial neural networks.
What was the first AI? ›December 1955 Herbert Simon and Allen Newell develop the Logic Theorist, the first artificial intelligence program, which eventually would prove 38 of the first 52 theorems in Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica.
Who is the mother of AI? ›Lynn Andrea Stein—The Mother of Robots
As a mother of AI, it is important to note that Dr. Stein is also the “mother” of a humanoid robot named Cog, a project from MIT that learned from and imitated human behavior (and has the greatest FAQ page of all time). In addition to her research in artificial intelligence, Dr.
A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
What are the 3 components of artificial intelligence? ›The three artificial intelligence components used in typical applications are: Speech Recognition. Computer Vision. Natural Language Processing.
Who invented artificial intelligence? ›Stanford's John McCarthy, seminal figure of artificial intelligence, dies at 84. McCarthy created the term "artificial intelligence" and was a towering figure in computer science at Stanford most of his professional life.
What are AI methods? ›Among the artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, the main algorithms applied in power systems are: artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic systems, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, colony optimization, simulated annealing, and evolutionary computing.
What is AI model? ›AI modeling is the creation, training, and deployment of machine learning algorithms that emulate logical decision-making based on available data. AI models provide a foundation to support advanced intelligence methodologies such as real-time analytics, predictive analytics, and augmented analytics.
What is intelligence Class 9 AI? ›AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception.
What is Darwin's definition of intelligence? ›
Darwin believed that intelligent behaviors developed from the primitive instincts of our nonhuman ancestors, and that the difference between human intelligence and animal intelligence is a matter of degree, not of kind: In his introduction to a book chapter on the evolution of mental powers, he stated: "My object in ...
Is AI as intelligent as humans? ›This is based on its ability to identify complex patterns in large amounts of data. However, the ability of AI to independently perform complex divergent thinking is extremely limited. That is, AI is not smarter than humans.
What is AI with example? ›Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer sciences that emphasizes the development of intelligence machines, thinking and working like humans. For example, speech recognition, problem-solving, learning and planning.
What is intelligence introduction? ›Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviours.
Who gave the first definition of intelligence? ›British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described the concept of general intelligence, or the "g factor." After using factor analysis to examine mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
Can AI have real feelings? ›AI and neuroscience researchers agree that current forms of AI cannot have their own emotions, but they can mimic emotion, such as empathy. Synthetic speech also helps reduce the robotic like tone many of these services operate with and emit more realistic emotion.
Is AI like a brain? ›AI systems are often compared to the human brain, even though they have almost nothing in common. To achieve artificial general intelligence (AGI), we tend to look to the only example of general intelligence available for humans to study: the human brain.
Can AI be harmful to humans? ›Automation of jobs, the spread of fake news and a dangerous arms race of AI-powered weaponry have been proposed as a few of the biggest dangers posed by AI. Destructive superintelligence — aka artificial general intelligence that's created by humans and escapes our control to wreak havoc — is in a category of its own.